I have recently begun the study of "Teacher in America" by Jacques Barzun. Oliver DeMille refers to him extensively in his "Thomas Jefferson Education" so I decided to go to the source.
EDUCATION AND TEACHING: Honor the student's role in learning
Barzun starts off his book with a discussion of the difference between "education" and "teaching." He derides the presumption that we can be "educators" or claim the right and responsibility to educate another human being. Personally, I think it is a matter of interpretation what the two words mean, but we can learn from his reasoning by taking his definitions at face value:
-"education": the actual learning that takes place
-"teaching": exposure to the idea so the student may educate themselves.
Here are a few quotes he has on the matter:
"Education is something...intangible, unpredictable. Education comes from within; it is a man's own doing, or rather it happens to him--sometimes because of the teaching he has had, sometimes in spite of it." (p. 5)
"Education is a lifelong discipline of the individual by himself, encouraged by a reasonable opportunity to lead a good life...[but] cannot be 'given' in a short course."
"You know by instinct that it is impossible to 'teach' democracy, or citizenship or a happy married life. I do not say that these virtues and benefits are not somehow connected with good teaching. They are, but they occur as byproducts. They come, not from a course, but from a teacher; not from a curriculum, but from a human soul."
These quotes support the Thomas Jefferson Education philosophy that people need mentors not professors.
How do we keep from stepping over the line between inspiring and lecturing? From "filling the empty mind" to "encouraging to explore and self-educate"?
Barzun presents this dilemma this way:
"The teaching impulse goes something like this: a fellow human being is puzzled or stymied. He wants to open a door or spell 'accommodate.' The would-be helper has two choices. He can open the door, spell the word; or he can show his pupil how to do it for himself.
The second way is harder and takes more time, but a strong instinct in the born teacher makes him prefer it. It seems somehow to turn an accident into an opportunity for permanent creation."
This is what we want to create in Vanguard! "An opportunity for permanent creation"!
When you think of writing inspirements or creating a class outline, we must remember that we are introducing the child to the "door" of a principle and sometimes, they need to learn how to walk before they can even approach the door!
Barzun put it this way:
The raw material is what the learner can do, and upon this the teacher-artist builds by the familiar process of taking apart and putting together
By the way, I
love this idea of "taking the idea apart and putting it together"! Often we expect a youth to take knowledge of a subject from our point and move forward. However, there is great value in breaking the idea down and helping them put the piece of understanding together!
Continuing with Barzun:
He must break down the new and puzzling situation into simpler bits and lead the beginner in the right order from one bit to the next. What the simpler bits and the right order are no one can know ahead of time. They vary for each individual and the teacher must grope around until he finds a "first step" that the particular pupil can manage. In any school subject, of course, this technique doesn't stop with the opening of a door. The need for it goes on and on--as it seems, forever--and it takes the stubbornness of a saint coupled with the imagination of a demon for a teacher to pursue his art of improvisation gracefully, unwearingly, endlessly. (p. 25)
At first I was leery of this analogy between a teacher and a demon, but having read C.S. Lewis's "Screwtape Letters" and remembering the creative persistence of those devils to "win" the man's soul, I found truth in Barzun's words. And inspiration.
Perhaps we can look at Core class/Apprentice level like "opening the door" to a principle and then "Journeyman" and "Master" the rooms and levels within the principle?
Remembering his own efforts and the pleasure of discovery, the master finds a satisfaction which I have called artistic in seeing how a new human being will meet and make his own some part of our culture. (p. 25)
He follows these examples up with a warning. Again, I will take the words right from his book, as I feel they are effective:
Side by side with his eagerness, the pupil feels resentment arising from the fact that the grownup who teaches him appears to know it all. There is, incidentally, no worse professional disease for the teacher than the habit of putting questions with a half-smile that says "I know that one, and I will tell it to you; come along, my pretty." Telling and questioning must not be put-up jobs designed to make the teacher feel good about himself...Even in the best conditions of fair play and spontaneity, the pupil, while needing and wanting knowledge, will hate and resist it.
I have felt this before in many classes, when the lecturer in a "discussion classroom" setting takes on that "professorial tone" and we are subject to his many views on the subject of interest. There is a place for lecture and presentation, but it is seldom in a leadership classroom setting and generally more specific to "skill-based" learning.
This resistance often makes one feel that the human mind is made of some wonderfully tough rubber which you can stretch a little by pulling hard, but which snaps back into shape the moment you let go...
Consider how the student feels, subjected to daily and hourly stretching. "Here I am," he thinks, "with my brains nicely organized--with everything, if not in its place, at least in a place where I can find it--and you come along with a new and strange item that you want to force into my previous arrangement. Naturally I resist. You persist. I begin to dislike you. But at the same time, you show me aspects of this new fact or idea which in spite of myself mesh in with my existing desires. You seem to know the contents of my mind. You show me the proper place for your contribution to my stock of knowledge. Finally, there is brooding over us a vague threat of disgrace for me if I do not accept your offering and keep it and show you that I still have it when you--dreadful thought!--examine me. So I give in, I shut my eyes and swallow. I write little notes about it to myself, and with luck the burr sticks; I have learned something. Thanks to you? well, not exactly. Thanks to you and thanks to me. I shall always be grateful for your efforts, but do not expect me to love you, at least not for a long, long time." (ibid)
Any resistance to learning is just that...
resistance. Any way we can avoid creating that resistance will help in the learning process. Some students come with that resistance strongly in place no matter what we do. There has to be some point where the student is willing to acknowledge and accept that they are entering into Vanguard with the expectation of being mentored, guided and led. But if, within that mentoring, we can allow for as much individual exploration as possible, we can work around the resistance of force-fed learning and help them to
educate themselves.
Also consider the warning to not appear to know everything. There is nothing destructive about saying, "I don't know...but I would love to learn more about that!" Humility in teaching creates miracles. Openness to learning from the students, from the Spirit...
beautiful.
Appeal to the student's "curiosity and his desire to grow up" and
then they can be "aroused to action."
TEACH PRINCIPLES: Connections and Context
The whole aim of good teaching is to turn the young learner, by nature a little copycat, into an independent, self-propelling creature, who cannot merely learn but study--that is, work as his own boss to the limit of his powers. This is to turn pupils into students, and it can be done on any rung of the ladder of learning.
He shares the example of learning your multiplication tables. When you teach a child that the answers to the multiplication tables can also be discovered by addition, "it would at first have been puzzling,
more complicated than memory work, but once explained and grasped, it would have been an instrument for learning...and temporarily dispense with the teacher."
This is another way of saying that the only thing worth teaching anybody is a principle.
Barzun reminds us that while it is necessary to learn some facts "bare" or unassociated with a principle and that principles involve facts, to learn facts exclusive of principles is "
hokum" or "words without meaning, verbal filler, artificial apples of knowledge."
A European child ought not to learn that Washington is the capital of the United States without fixing firmly in his mind the relation between the city and the man who led his countrymen to freedon. That would be missing an association, which is the germ of a principle. And just as a complex athletic feat is made possible by rapid and accurate coordination, so all valuable learning hangs together and works by associations which make sense. (p. 30)
Why are we learning what we are learning?
How does this apply to me?
What relevance does it have to my life?
When we can awaken in our students the curiosity, the responsibility, the connections and the context of their learning, they will be able to stretch their own muscles and feel their own potential, dwarfing all of our previous expectations for them.
